Origins of Great Ideas

道

Taoism — Tao

노자 (老子, 기원전 6세기 추정)

"The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao"

仁

Confucianism — Ren

공자 (孔子, 기원전 551~479)

"Do not impose on others what you do not desire yourself"

愛

Mohism — Universal Love

묵자 (墨子, 기원전 470~391)

"Love all people equally"

法

Legalism — Law

한비자 (韓非子, 기원전 280~233)

"The law does not distinguish noble from common"

無

Wuwei — Effortless Action

장자 (莊子, 기원전 369~286)

"Do by not doing"

中

Doctrine of the Mean — Zhongyong

자사 (子思, 기원전 481~402, 공자의 손자)

"The unbent is the strongest stance"

禪

Zen — Chan

혜능 (慧能, 638~713) · 달마 (達磨, ?~536)

"Mind transmits to mind beyond words"

理

Neo-Confucianism — Principle

주희 (朱熹, 1130~1200)

"Approach things, and principle emerges"

心

Yangming Studies — Mind

왕양명 (王陽明, 1472~1529)

"Knowing and doing are originally one"

東

Donghak — Eastern Learning

최제우 (崔濟愚, 1824~1864)

"Human is Heaven"

實

Silhak — Practical Learning

정약용 (丁若鏞, 1762~1836)

"If it does not serve the people, it is not learning"

華

Huayan — Flower Garland

의상 (義湘, 625~702) · 두순 (杜順, 557~640)

"One is all, all is one"

孝

Filial Piety — Xiao

증자 (曾子, 기원전 505~436)

"Whoever remembers the root, their leaves stay green"

忍

Stoicism — Endurance

제논 (Zeno of Citium, 기원전 334~262) · 마르쿠스 아우렐리우스 (121~180)

"The calm to accept what cannot be changed"

樂

Epicureanism — Pleasure

에피쿠로스 (Epicurus, 기원전 341~270)

"Reduce desires you can do without"

形

Platonism — Form

플라톤 (Plato, 기원전 428~348)

"Beyond every visible thing lies an invisible Form"

善

Aristotelianism — The Good

아리스토텔레스 (Aristotle, 기원전 384~322)

"Habit is character"

思

Cartesianism — Thought

르네 데카르트 (René Descartes, 1596~1650)

"I doubt, therefore I am"

義

Kantian Imperative — Duty

임마누엘 칸트 (Immanuel Kant, 1724~1804)

"Act only on a rule you would want all to follow"

變

Hegelian Dialectic — Becoming

게오르크 빌헬름 프리드리히 헤겔 (G.W.F. Hegel, 1770~1831)

"Contradiction is the engine of progress"

益

Utilitarianism — Greatest Good

제레미 벤담 (Jeremy Bentham, 1748~1832) · 존 스튜어트 밀 (John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)

"The greatest good for the greatest number"

存

Existentialism — Being

쇠얀 키르케고르 (Søren Kierkegaard, 1813~1855) · 장 폴 사르트르 (Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905~1980)

"Existence precedes essence"

用

Pragmatism — Practice

윌리엄 제임스 (William James, 1842~1910) · 존 듀이 (John Dewey, 1859~1952)

"Truth is verified by what works"

觀

Phenomenology — Observation

에드문트 후설 (Edmund Husserl, 1859~1938) · 마르틴 하이데거 (Martin Heidegger, 1889~1976)

"Suspend judgment, return to things themselves"

人

Renaissance Humanism — Human

페트라르카 (Petrarch, 1304~1374) · 미란돌라 (Pico della Mirandola, 1463~1494)

"Man is the measure of all things"

啓

Enlightenment — Illumination

볼테르 (Voltaire, 1694~1778) · 칸트 (Kant, 1724~1804)

"Dare to know — Sapere aude"

情

Romanticism — Feeling

괴테 (J.W. Goethe, 1749~1832) · 워즈워스 (Wordsworth, 1770~1850)

"Where reason fails, poetry begins"

新

Modernism — New

버지니아 울프 (Virginia Woolf, 1882~1941) · 파블로 피카소 (Picasso, 1881~1973)

"Break the past, start anew"

簡

Minimalism — Simplicity

도널드 저드 (Donald Judd, 1928~1994) · 디터 람스 (Dieter Rams, 1932~)

"What is absent is present"

共

Ecocentrism — Co-existence

레이첼 카슨 (Rachel Carson, 1907~1964) · 아르네 네스 (Arne Næss, 1912~2009)

"Humans are guests of nature, not its masters"